Beta

The Beta coefficient, in terms of finance and investing, is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the rest of the market. Beta is calculated for individual companies using regression analysis.

That's worth knowing if you want to avoid being shocked into panic selling after buying it. Some stocks trend upward with all the consistency of a firefly. Others are much more steady. Beta is what academics call the calculation used to quantify that volatility.

The beta figure compares the stock's volatility to that of the S&P 500 index using the returns over the past five years. If a stock has a beta of 1, it means that over the past 5 years its price has gained 10% every time the S&P 500 has moved up 10%. It has also declined 10% on average when the S&P declines the same amount. In other words, the price tends to move in synch with the S&P, and it is considered a relatively steady stock.

The more risky a stock is, the more its beta moves upward. A figure of 2.0 means a gain or loss of 20% every time the S&P gains or loses just 10%. Likewise, a beta of 0.5 means the stock moves just 5% when the index moves in either direction. A low-beta stock will protect you in a general downturn, a high Beta means the potential for big rewards in an upturn.

That's how it is supposed to work. But it is not guarantees about the future. If a company's prospects change for better or worse, then its beta is likely change, too. So use the figure as a guide to a stock's tendencies only.

Margin

In finance, a margin is collateral that the holder of a position in securities, option, or futures contracts has to deposit to cover the credit risk of his counterparty. This risk can arise if the holder has done any of the following:

• borrowed cash from the conterparty to buy securities or options,
  
• sold securities or options short, or
  
• entered into a futures contract.

The collateral can be in the form of cash or securities, and it is deposited in a margin account. The minimum margin requirement is now the sum of these different types of margin requirements. The margin (collateral) deposited in the margin account has to be at least equal to this minimum. If the investor has many positions with the exchange, these margin requirements can simply be netted.

Example. An investor sells a call option, where the buyer has the right to buy 100 shares in Apple at $120. He receives an option premium of $1.05. The value of the option is $1.05, so this is the premium margin. The exchange has calculated, using historical prices, that the option value won't go above $1.30 the next day, with 99% certainty. Therefore, the additional margin requirement is set at $.25, and the investor has to post at least $1.05 + $.25 = $1.30 in his margin account as collateral.

The Dogs of the Dow

According to The Dogs of the Dow investment strategy popularized by Michael O’Higgins in 1991, an investor should annually select for investment the ten Dow Jones Industrial Average stocks whose dividend is the highest fraction of their price.

Investing in the Dogs of the Dow is relatively simple. After the stock market closes on the last day of the year, of the 30 stocks that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average, select the ten stocks which have the highest dividend yield. Then simply get in touch with your broker and invest an equal dollar amount in each of these ten high yield stocks. Then hold these ten "Dogs of the Dow" for one year. Repeat these steps each and every year. That's it!

Some of you may be interested in trying to outperform even the traditional Dogs of the Dow. Well, we have a way that historically has done just that. On the last day of any given year, select the ten highest yielding stocks as you normally would. Of these ten Dogs simply select the five Dogs with the lowest stock price and you will have what we call the Small Dogs of the Dow (Sometimes referred to as the Puppies of the Dow or the Flying Five). Then get in touch with your broker and invest an equal dollar amount in each of these 5 high yielding, low priced stocks. Then hold these five "Small Dogs of the Dow" for one year. Investing in the Puppies of the Dow would have resulted in a 20.9% average annual return since 1973! (As reported in U.S. News & World Report, July 8, 1996).

Proponent of the Dogs of the Dow strategy argue that blue chip companies do not alter their dividend to reflect trading conditions and, therefore, the dividend is a measure of the average worth of the company; the stock price, in contrast, fluctuates through the business cycle. This should mean that companies with a high yield, with high dividend relative to price, are near the bottom of their business cycle and are likely to see their stock price increase faster than low yield companies. Under this model, an investor annually reinvesting in high-yield companies should out-perform the overall market. Of course, several assumptions are made in this argument, first, that the dividend price reflects the company size rather than the company business model and second, that companies have a natural, repeating cycle in which good performances are predicted by bad ones.

Value Investing

Value investing has proved to be a successful investment strategy. It is a style of investment strategy; from the so-called "Graham & Dodd" School. Followers of this style, known as value investors, generally buy companies whose shares appear underpriced by some forms of fundamental analysis; these may include shares that are trading at, for example, high dividend yields or low price-to-earning or price-to-cash-flow, or price-to-book ratios. Numerous academics have published studies investigating the effects of buying value stocks. These studies have consistently found that value stocks outperform growth stocks and the market as a whole.

Value investing was established by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, both professors at Columbia University and teachers of many famous investors. In Graham's book The Intelligent Investor, he advocated the important concept of margin of safety. The main proponents of value investing, such as Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett, have argued that the essence of value investing is buying stocks at less than their intrinsic value. The discount of the market price to the intrinsic value is what Benjamin Graham called the "margin of safety". The intrinsic value is the discounted value of all future distributions.

Benjamin Graham is regarded by many to be the father of value investing. Graham's most famous student, however, was Warren Buffett, who ran successful investing partnerships before closing them in 1969 to focus on running Berkshire Hathaway. Charlie Munger joined Buffett at Berkshire Hathaway in the 1970s and has since worked as Vice Chairman of the company. Buffett has credited Munger with encouraging him to focus on long-term sustainable growth rather than on simply the valuation of current cash flows or assets.

Growth Investing

Both "Growth" and "Value" are labels put upon a stock or mutual fund by investors.

Usually they represent styles in investing - and not all stocks fit one category or the other, Looking for cheap stocks is value investing. For example, a low P/E ratio often is considered a signal that a stock is "cheap". An investor may buy that stock on just that signal alone. The converse is not necessarily true. A "growth investor" does not usually buy a company simply because it is overpriced, but will usually look at how fast it is growing and what is expected in the future.

The stock of a company that grows its earnings and revenues faster than average is known as a growth stock. These companies usually pay few or no dividends, since they prefer to reinvest their profits in their business.

Investors who focus on growth try to predict which companies will grow faster in the future -- faster than the rest of the stocks in the market, or faster than other stocks in the same industry. If you're successful in buying a company that does grow faster than other companies, then it's likely that the price of that company's stock will increase as well, and you can make a profit.

Momentum Investing

Momentum investing is a system of buying stocks or other equities that have had high returns over the past three to twelve months, and selling those that have had poor returns over the same period. It has been reported that this strategy yields average returns of 1% per month for the following 3-12 months (Jegadeesh and Titman).

While no consensus exists about the validity of this claim, economists have trouble reconciling this phenomenon using efficient market theory. Two main hypotheses have been submitted to explain the effect in terms of an efficient market. In the first, it is assumed that momentum investors bear significant risk for assuming this strategy, and thus the high returns are compensation for the risk. The second theory assumes that momentum investors are exploiting behavioral shortcomings in other investors, such as investor herding, investor over and underreaction, and confirmation bias.

Seasonal effects may help to explain some of the reason for success in the momentum investing strategy. If a stock has performed poorly for months leading up to the end of the year, investors may decide to sell their holdings for tax purposes. Increased supply of shares in the market drive its price down, causing others to sell. Once the reason for tax selling is eliminated, the stock's price tends to recover.

Some investors may react to the inefficient pricing of a stock caused by momentum investing by using the tool of arbitrage.

It is believed that George Soros(1987) used a variation of momentum investing by bidding the price up of already overvalued equities in the market for conglomorates in the 1960's and Real Estate Investment Trusts in the 1970's. This strategy is termed positive feedback investing.

Richard Driehaus is widely considered the father of momentum investing. This Chicago money manager takes exception with the old stock market adage of buying low and selling high. According to him, "far more money is made buying high and selling at even higher prices."

Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is the study of past financial market data, primarily through the use of charts, to forecast price trends and make investment decisions. In its purest form, technical analysis is concerned with the actual price behavior of the market or instrument, based on the premise that price reflects all relevant factors before an investor becomes aware of them through other channels.

Technicians believe that profits can be made by "trend following." So, if a stock price is steadily rising (trending upward), a technician will look for opportunities to buy this stock. This is why technical analysis is concerned more with where prices are moving (the direction or chart pattern). Until the technician is convinced this uptrend has reversed or ended, all else equal, he will continue to own this security. To that end, technical analysts anticipate the various patterns on a price chart and take positions according to the expected pattern.

Technicians apply the tools of technical analysis to decide when the trends and patterns have begun, peaked, reversed, etc. For example, a popular technical analysis tool is a stock price's 200 day moving average. This is the average closing price of a stock over the past 200 trading days (though there are many variations on the moving average used in technical analysis). A stock that has been trending higher will have a history of an increasing daily stock price and an increasing 200 day moving average. Though the daily stock price fluctuates (up 50 cents on day 1, down 20 cents on day 2, up 10 cents on day 3, etc.), the 200 day moving average changes much more slowly and traces a smooth curve that follows the current price on a chart.

When the daily stock price violates the 200 day moving average, a technician sees strong evidence that a price trend has ended and that a new one may have begun to the opposite direction. Suppose IBM's 200 day moving average was 85 and the stock has been trending higher. If IBM closed at 84.50 a technician may sell his IBM shares, and perhaps sell short IBM because the perceived trend is reversing.

The above example also shows that technical analysis data is can be interpreted in several ways. One technical analyst might believe that IBM would need to trade below its moving average for two consecutive days before deciding the trend is over. Another might say one day is adequate. All technicians are likely to think a close below the 200 day moving average is important, but all may not agree on the best way to act. Still, in this example it is safe to assume that most technicians expect to sell IBM.

The problem in this example is: What if in the near term IBM climbs back above its 200 day moving average after the technician sells his stock? If the technical analyst follows his own rules, he may buy the stock back at a higher price than he just sold (plus commissions). This reflects some of the criticisms of technical analysis (see below). Technicians say "false signals" or "whipsaws" are an unavoidable part of using technical analysis, and that the costs of these whipsaws are outweighed by catching a stock early in a long term trend.

If you're a "numbers person," or a heavy-duty computer geek, then you might be interested in a method of picking stocks known as technical analysis. Technical analysis looks at the relationships that exist between a stock's price, its volume (the number of shares that trade hands during a single day), and other factors. By plotting and mathematical analysis, technical analysts hope to be able to predict future changes in the price of a particular stock.

By looking for particular patterns on a price chart of a stock, for instance, technical analysts try to figure out the direction that the stock's price is likely to move in the future. These patterns often have unusual names such as "cup and handle," "head and shoulders," or "double top." If you can identify any of several dozen different established patterns in a stock's price, then you might have a good chance of knowing whether a stock is about to "breakout" (that's technical analysis talk for "rise in price") or "retreat" ("fall in price").

Other information about a stock is often also plotted on a chart along with its price history. A moving average of the stock's price is often included. Each day, the average price of the stock is calculated for the past 90 or 200 days. This moving average is plotted on the chart alongside the price, and can give you an idea of the past trends of stock's price.

Once you've got the basics of technical analysis under your belt, you'll need a couple of things before you start investing -- access to charting software and price data, and plenty of time.

A stock's price chart is the primary tool of technical analysis. There are many technical analysis software programs that you can use if you want to study stocks using these methods. MetaStock, Windows on Wall Street, Omega TradeStation are just a few. You can subscribe to your pick of many services on the Web providing daily price updates that can be imported into these programs.

These programs can be quite expensive, however, so another option might weigh in as the more economical choice for savvy Internet investors. Instead of using a standalone software program, you can take advantage of the free charting programs that are available on the Web.

To use technical analysis successfully, you need to be able to spend time on your portfolio on a regular basis. You need to be able to consistently take the time to analyze charts, and perform the operations necessary to update the indicators you use. And once you've bought a stock, you need to be vigilant in watching that stock's chart in order to know when to sell. There's no time for relaxing if you're a technician.

Opponents of technical analysis point out that there is little likelihood that this method even works. Debate rages about whether it's possible to predict future price movements based on a stock's past performance, or that patterns on a chart are indicative of anything other than pretty designs.

Fundamental Analysis

Foundamental Analysis

Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets

The analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal to make financial projections. There are several possible objectives:

• to calculate a company's credit risk,
  
• to make projection on its business performance,
  
• to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions,
  
• to make the company's stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution.

Two analytical models

When the objective of the analysis is to determine what stock to buy and at what price, there are two basic methodologies.

1. Fundamental analysis maintains that markets may misprice a security in the short run but that the "correct" price will eventually be reached. Profits can be made by trading the mispriced security and then waiting for the market to recognize its "mistake" and reprice the security.
   
2. Technical analysis maintains that all information is reflected already in the stock price, so fundamental analysis is a waste of time. Trends 'are your friend' and sentiment changes predate and predict trend changes. Investors' emotional responses to price movements lead to recognizable price chart patterns. Technical analysis does not care what the 'value' of a stock is. Their price predictions are only extrapolations from historical price patterns.

Investors can use both these different but somewhat complementary methods for stock picking. Many fundamental investors use technicals for deciding entry and exit points. Many technical investors use fundamentals to limit their universe of possible stock to 'good' companies.

The choice of stock analysis is determined by the investor's belief in the different paradigms for "how the stock market works".

Investors may use fundamental analysis within different portfolio management styles

Buy and hold investors believe that latching onto good businesses allows the investor's asset to grow with the business. Fundamental analysis lets them find 'good' companies, so they lower their risk and probability of wipe-out.

Managers may use fundamental analysis to correctly value 'good' and 'bad' companies. Even 'bad' company's stock goes up and down, creating opportunities for profits.

Contrarian investors distinguish "in the short run, the market is a voting machine, not a weighing machine". Fundamental analysis allows you to make your own decision on value, and ignore the market.

Value investors restrict their attention to under-valued companies, believing that 'it's hard to fall out of a ditch'. The value comes from fundamental analysis.

Managers may use fundamental analysis to determine future growth rates for buying high priced growth stocks.

Managers may also include fundamental factors along with technical factors into computer models quantitative analysis.

The analysis of a business' health starts with financial statement analysis that includes ratios. It looks at dividends paid, operating cash flow, new equity issues and capital financing. The earnings estimates and growth rate projections published widely by Thomson Financial and others can be considered either 'fundamental' (they are facts) or 'technical' (they are investor sentiment) based on your perception of their validity.

The determined growth rates (of income and cash) and risk levels (to determine the discount rate) are used in various valuation models. The foremost is the discounted cash flow model, which calculates the present value of the future

dividends received by the investor, along with the eventual sale price.;

earnings of the company, or

cash flows of the company.

The simple model commonly used is the Price/Earnings ratio. Implicit in this model of a perpetual annuity (Time value of money) is that the 'flip' of the P/E is the discount rate appropriate to the risk of the business. The multiple accepted is adjusted for expected growth (that is not built into the model).

Growth estimates are incorporated into the PEG ratio but the math does not hold up to analysis. Its validity depends on the length of time you think the growth will continue.

Some of the best-known investors in history have been fundamental analysts, including Peter Lynch, the legendary manager of the Fidelity Magellan mutual fund. Under his management, Magellan was the best performing mutual fund in history. Another famous fundamentalist is Warren Buffet, the brilliant investor behind Berkshire Hathaway. Berkshire Hathaway was once a textile company, but Buffet turned it into a vehicle in which he could invest in other stocks, with phenomenal success. A single share of Berkshire Hathaway now trades for over $100,000!

Most individual investors use fundamental analysis in some way to pick stocks for their portfolios. If you're looking for a way to build a "buy-and-hold" portfolio of stocks, made up of companies that you can purchase and then own for years without losing too much sleep at night, you'll probably use the methods of fundamental analysis.

Investors who use fundamental analysis usually focus on two separate approaches to picking stocks: growth or value (or sometimes a combination of both).

What is IPO?

What is IPO?

An initial public offering (IPO) is the first sale of a corporation common share to investors on a public stock exchange. The main purpose of an IPO is to raise capital for the corporation. While IPOs are effective at raising capital, being listed on a stock exchange imposes heavy regulatory compliance and reporting requirements. The term only refers to the first public issuance of a company's shares. If a company later sells newly issued shares (again) to the market, it is called a 'Seasoned Equity Offering'. When a shareholder sells shares it is called a "secondary offering" and the shareholder, not the company who originally issued the shares, retains the proceeds of the offering. These terms are often confused. In distinguishing them, it is important to remember that only a company which issues shares can make a "primary offering". Secondary offerings occur on the "secondary market", where shareholders (not the issuing company) buy and sell shares with each other.

IPOs generally involve one or more investment banks as "underwriters." The company offering its shares, called the "issuer," enters a contract with a lead underwriter to sell its shares to the public. The underwriter then approaches investors with offers to sell these shares.

The sale (that is, the allocation and pricing) of shares in an IPO may take several forms. Common methods include:

• Dutch auction
  
• Firm commitment
  
• Best efforts
  
• Bought deal
  
• Self Distribution of Stock

A large IPO is usually underwritten by a "syndicate" of investment banks led by one or more major investment banks (lead underwriter). Upon selling the shares, the underwriters keep a commission based on a percentage of the value of the shares sold. Usually, the lead underwriters, i.e. the underwriters selling the largest proportions of the IPO, take the highest commissions—up to 8% in some cases.

After the newly public company has its IPO, it enters a "quiet period." During this time, the insiders, and any underwriters involved in the IPO, are restricted from issuing any earnings forecasts or research reports for the company. The quiet period is in effect for 40 calendar days following the first trading day. Regulatory changes by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, changed the quiet period of 25 days, to 40 days on July 9, 2002. When the quiet period is over, generally the lead underwriters will initiate research coverage on the firm.

How Stock Market Works?

How Stock Market Works?

Stock market is a market for the trading of company stock, and derivatives of same; both of these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange, who executes the order. A brokerage firm is a dealer of stocks and other securities that acts as your agent when you want to buy or sell stocks.

Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on a trading floor, by a method known as open outcry. This type of auction is used in stock exchanges and commodity exchanges where traders may enter "verbal" bids and offers simultaneously. The other type of exchange is a virtual kind, composed of a network of computers where trades are made electronically via traders at computer terminals.

Most trading of stocks happens on a stock exchange. These are special markets where buyers and sellers are brought together to buy and sell stocks. The best known stock exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Besides these three national exchanges, there are many smaller regional stock exchanges, such as the Pacific in Los Angeles, the Philadelphia, the Boston, the Cincinnati, and the Chicago. Some small companies are listed only on a regional exchange, while some NYSE and AMEX companies are listed on these smaller exchanges, as well, to help trades happen faster and cheaper for investors.

Actual trades are based on an auction market paradigm where a potential buyer a specific price for a stock and a potential seller a specific price for the stock. (Buying or selling at market means you will accept any bid price or ask price for the stock.) When the bid and ask prices match, a sale takes place on a first come first served basis if there are multiple bidders or askers at a given price.

The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, thus providing a marketplace(virtual or real). The exchanges provide real-time trading information on the listed securities, facilitating price discovery.

From the perspective of an investor, buying and selling stocks seems pretty simple. If you use a full-service broker, just call her up on the phone and place an order for 100 shares of Apple. Within a few minutes, you'll receive a confirmation that your order has been completed, and you'll be the proud new owner of Apple's stock. Behind the scenes, however, there's a lot of action that takes place between your order and the confirmation.

What is Stock?

What is Stock?

In Finance markets, stock is the capital raised by a corporatio through the issuance and distribution of shares. A person or organization which holds at least a partial share of stocks is called a shareholder. The aggregate value of a corporation's issued shares is its market capitalization.

Buy a share of Apple and you acquire a tiny sliver of the eletronic giant, tying your fate to that of Steve Jobs, for better or worse. This is ownership in the most literal sense: You get a piece of every desk, contract and trademark in the place. Better yet, you own a slice of every dollar of profit that comes through the door. The more shares you buy, the bigger your stake becomes.

How is a stock valued?The stock market itself is basically a daily referendum on the value of the companies that trade there. All those guys screaming at each other? Their job is to take in the day's news and distill it down to a single question: Will it help the companies I own make money in the future, or will it prevent them from doing so? If Apple loses a court battle to the Justice Department, look for its shares to fall. But if strong economic numbers come out promising better iPOD sales, traders will buy with a vengeance.

Earnings are the supreme measure of value as far as the market is concerned. Wall Street is obsessed with them. Companies report their profits four times a year and investors pore over these numbers -- expressed as earnings per share -- trying to gauge a company's present health and future potential.

The market rewards both fast earnings growth and stable earnings growth. Stock traders will even pay up for a money-losing company that promises to earn a lot in the future (witness 1998's explosion in Internet stocks). Things the market will not tolerate are declining earnings or unexplained losses. Companies that surprise Wall Street with bad quarterly reports almost always get punished.

What about risk?While history shows that stocks will rise given the fullness of time, there are no guarantees -- especially when it comes to individual stocks. Unlike a bond, which promises a payout at the end of a specified period plus interest along the way, the only assured return from a stock is if it appreciates on the open market. (While many companies pay shareholders dividends out of their earnings, they are under no obligation to do so.) The worst-case scenario is that a company goes bankrupt and the value of your investment evaporates altogether. Happily, that's rare. More often, a company will run into short-term problems that depress the price of its stock for what seems an agonizingly long period of time.

For all the risk, however, there are ways to manage your exposure. The best is to diversify by owning a variety of stocks. That way, no single company can harm you. It's also important to remember that investors are well compensated for rolling the dice with equities. Historically, the long-term return from stocks is about 11% annually, while bonds -- which are less risky -- return just 5.2%. Over time, that spread can make a huge difference in the earning power of your savings.

Along with ownership, a share of stock gives you the right to vote on management issues. Company executives work at the behest of shareholders, who are represented by an elected board of directors. By law, the goal of management is to increase the value of the corporation's equity. To the extent this doesn't happen, shareholders can vote to have management removed.

That's the way it is supposed to work, anyway. As we noted above, one of the grim realities of the stock market is that individual investors rarely amass enough stock to be able to exert any tangible influence over a company -- that's left to big institutional shareholders or groups of company insiders. Consequently, it behooves you to carefully research management's competence before you buy a stock. And the best measure of that may be the company's ability to consistently deliver earnings over time.

Short Interest Ratio

Selling short - When the investor who do not have stocks but borrows them and sell them in the market. it's becoming increasingly popular among individual investors. Why investor sell short? because the nvestors decides that all signs point to a decline in the stock price rather than an increase. So the investor borrows shares of the stock at that price and immediately sells them. After the stock falls, he buys it back on the open market to repay his debt. But since the price is lower, he pockets the difference.

A higher short interest ratio indicates more pessimism, because a higher proportion of a company's total float has already been sold short. It should always be treated as a red flag. But high short interest doesn't necessarily mean you should avoid the stock. After all, short sellers are very often wrong.

The short ratio (or short interest ratio) is usually the number of shares outstanding of a publicly traded company that is sold short, divided by the average daily trading volume. It can also be the percentage of the free float that is "shorted". The short-interest ratio tells you how many days -- given the stock's average trading volume -- it would take short sellers to cover their positions if good news sent the price higher and ruined their negative bets. The higher the ratio, the longer they would have to buy -- a phenomenon known as a "short squeeze" -- and that can actually buoy a stock. Some people bet on a short squeeze, which is just as risky as shorting the stock in the first place. Our advice is this: Use the short-interest ratio as a barometer for market sentiment only -- particularly when it comes to volatile growth stocks.

The short interest and short ratio can be deceiving, however, when a company has many convertible securities outstanding and is perceived to be at risk, because convertible and options arbitrageurs will often sell the stock short to manage risk with their long positions in these other instruments.

Technicans (Technical Analysts) interpret this ratio contrary to one's initial intuition. Because short sales reflect investors' expectations that stock prices will decline, one would typically expect an increase in the short-interest ratio to be bearish. On the contrary, technicans consider a high short-interest ratio bullish because it indicates potential demand for the stock by those who previously sold short and have not covered the short sale.

A technician would be bullish when the short interest ratio approached 5.0 and bearish if it declined toward 3.0.

Convertible hedgers are usually not hoping the price of shares will fall and, if properly hedged, can cover their short positions with shares embedded in the convertible securities. Thus, a large short interest position for such companies does not necessarily imply a classic short squeeze, and the short interest ratio becomes somewhat meaningless.

There are entire companies devoted to selling stocks short and they make it their job to seek out companies that are in trouble. They pore over financial statements looking for weaknesses. But sometimes they merely think a company is too highly priced for its own good.

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Many of my best friends and I have had over 20 years of experience in the Stock/Option/Future/Commodity markets. Each of us have used different resources and tools to manage his investments. We have had many wonderful investment experiences and rewards. In addition, we also live very comfortable lives. Because of this, we are often asked, "How does one invest and profit in the Stock, Option and/or Commodity markets?" Since we have answered this same question over and over again, we decided that it would be better to setup a website to share our successful resources with our friends, as well as those who are interested in, serious about, and eager to make a good profit through investment. Our company is Master Trader Inc. The members of Master Traders Inc. are devoted to finding the best resources for Stock trading, Option trading and Future/Commondity trading. We know that you work hard for your money and achieving financial independence is not an easy task. That's why we provide the resources for you to achieve superior returns in the future! We analyze and use every resource that we recommend to you. Of course there is always risk behind all investments, however, with the right tools and knowledge; and the right trading skills and concepts, we strongly believe that you will also profit in the long run.

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